Art experts at the National Army Museum believe they have successfully identified a previously unknown Black soldier featured in a historical portrait that has been hanging in their collection. The painting dates back to the aftermath of the Duke of Wellington's famous 1815 victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo and depicts one of the very few Black British army soldiers who received the prestigious Waterloo Medal.
Researchers have concluded that the artwork most likely portrays Thomas James, a soldier who originally came from Montserrat in the Caribbean and served with the 18th Light Dragoons. Museum director Justin Maciejewski described the "remarkable" work as an important reminder that the British army has always depended on personnel from many different backgrounds coming together for a "common cause."
The painting holds special significance because it was "exceptionally rare" for a non-white veteran of Waterloo to appear in a portrait during 19th-century art, according to the museum. After acquiring the artwork earlier this year, trustees of the Chelsea-based museum were determined to uncover the fascinating story behind it.
The process of identification began with a crucial clue: the subject had to be one of only nine Black soldiers known to have been awarded the Waterloo Medal, which is clearly visible in the portrait, explained the museum's art curator Anna Lavelle. Researchers then narrowed down the list of candidates by carefully examining other items depicted in the painting.
"Those items were placed there for a reason - they tell a story," Ms. Lavelle said. The soldier is shown wearing a fur pelisse and holding a cymbal, which indicated he very likely belonged to a cavalry regiment. According to historical records, Thomas James served with the 18th Light Dragoons, which was the only cavalry regiment that played a significant role in the Battle of Waterloo.
Further research revealed that James suffered serious injuries while guarding officers' baggage during the battle - a courageous act that may have earned him the honor of having his portrait commissioned by a grateful officer, Ms. Lavelle explained. Based on all these specific details, researchers determined that James was the "most plausible" candidate for the portrait's subject.
As a musician in the regiment, James would have played a vital role both on and off the battlefield. Military instruments were essential for relaying commands during combat situations and also provided entertainment for the troops, according to the museum. James continued serving with the regiment for several years after Waterloo before eventually leaving military service and claiming his well-deserved military pension.
With assistance from conservation experts at the University of Lincoln, researchers conducted an in-depth analysis of the artwork using specialized scientific techniques. This comprehensive examination helped reveal the materials the artist might have used and provided insights into the timeframe of the painting's creation.
Through this meticulous work, researchers also believe they have successfully identified the artist as Thomas Phillips (1770-1845), a prominent portrait painter who created works featuring many significant figures in society. It is believed that a senior military officer commissioned the portrait of James as a gesture of gratitude for his dedicated service and brave efforts.
Beyond analyzing the painting, the University of Lincoln team also worked to conserve the artwork and restore it to its former glory. Rhiannon Clarricoates, co-director of Lincoln Conservation, explained the careful process: "Our team worked meticulously to remove layers of discolored varnish and non-original overpaint, which revealed fine details and highlights not previously visible, allowing the public to experience the artwork as it was originally intended."
Clarricoates added, "It has been a privilege to contribute to this project, which has safeguarded not only the physical integrity of the painting but also its cultural and historical significance for future generations." The restoration work has ensured that visitors to the National Army Museum can now appreciate the portrait in all its original detail and beauty.
Mr. Maciejewski expressed pride in the discovery, stating: "We are proud to have uncovered this story of comradeship and courage. This remarkable portrait of Thomas James reminds us that our Army has always relied on soldiers and service personnel from many different backgrounds, who have come together for common cause - whether to face Napoleon, Hitler, or more recent threats to peace and security." The museum hopes that visitors will enjoy learning about Thomas James's inspiring story and his contribution to British military history.
